electronic circuit design book pdf

EasyEDA team strives for bringing a complex design program on web-based platform for more than 5 years, and now the tool becomes wonderful to users. The book is based on the RF and Microwave Circuit Design textbook written by the author and published in August 2015. It uses only a few components but can also detect polarity, continuity, logic states and activity of multivibrators [16]. Introduction to Hardware Design Verification | What Is Design Verification? 3) I’ve replaced the resistor with one at 6.8 Ohms. software. A technical proposal may be written to meet the requirements of the customer specification. In addition to controlling the motors speed its direction of rotation can be also changed using this circuit. Excellent for electronic schematic design. Resonant Circuits and Filter Design 5. The dangers of not prototyping and sending out a failed electrical circuit will include fires, hot wires, which in turn will make someone not know and cause them to either be burned and at the absolute worst severely hurt. RF and Microwave Components. Setting the standard for nearly 30 years, this highly accurate text is supported by strong pedagogy and content that is ideal for new students of this rapidly changing field. For simple circuits the design process can often be done by one person without needing a planned or structured design process, but for more complex designs, teams of designers following a systematic approach with intelligently guided computer simulation are becoming increasingly common. EasyEDA team strives for bringing a complex design program on web-based platform for more than 5 years, and now the tool becomes wonderful to users. [11], Naveed Sherwani, "Algorithms for VLSI Physical Design Automation". Sometimes, a design specification is written after liaising with the customer. Search all the best sites for Mobile Phone Circuit Diagram, layout, and troubleshooting diagrams here. Every electrical circuit starts with a circuit board simulator of how the things will be put together at the end of the day and also show how the circuit will work virtually. Similar equations have been developed in other books, but the presentation here empha- sizes material required for speedy op amp design. I never made any electronic circuits practically. ECEN 5613 will be offered through the ECEE department during the Spring 2021 semester on Monday evenings from 6:00-8:30pm via Zoom with lab work being done in the CU Boulder Engineering Center. Transmission Line Component Design 3. 2) My led is 1W and it has forward voltage 3.2-3.4V and forward current at 300mA. The ADS design examples are divided into 8 chapters as follows: 1. Electronic devices 9th edition by floyd. Morningexam.com provides Electrical MCQs, Notes, Exam Materials and Online Test series for your Competitive exams. One area of rapid technology development is in the field of nanoelectronic circuit design.[8]. At this or later stages it is common to require a large amount of research or mathematical modeling into what is and is not feasible to achieve. READ PAPER. A short summary of this paper. Similar equations have been developed in other books, but the presentation here empha- sizes material required for speedy op amp design. It covers various topics of electronics very clearly. software. I have modified your circuit (night detector circuit) and I want some help, cause I’m a beginner. This can involve tightening specifications that the customer has supplied, and adding tests that the circuit must pass in order to be accepted. There is a presentation of component and layout information to draughtspersons, and layout and mechanical engineers, for prototype production. Typically this is the step between logic design and physical design.[1]. Network Parameters and the Smith Chart 4. A simple DC motor controller circuit using NE555 is shown here. And thanks for the article. Circuit design is a very rigorous job to do and get done without making a mistake. After all this is done and you use the blueprint to put the circuit together you will get to the results of electrical circuits is quite memorable as the circuit will run anything from a vacuum to a big TV in a movie theater. Many DC motor speed control circuits have been published here but this is the first one using NE555 timer IC. [5] The process normally begins with the conversion of the specification into a block diagram of the various functions that the circuit must perform, at this stage the contents of each block are not considered, only what each block must do, this is sometimes referred to as a "black box" design. Electronic design automation (EDA), also referred to as electronic computer-aided design (ECAD), is a category of software tools for designing electronic systems such as integrated circuits and printed circuit boards.The tools work together in a design flow that chip designers use to design and analyze entire semiconductor chips. [9] Prototyping is a big part of any electrical work because it is very meticulous and to the point. A calculation of the component values to meet the operating specifications under specified conditions should be made. All of these take a long time and a certain skill not everyone can acquire. Finally the individual circuit components are chosen to carry out each function in the overall design, at this stage the physical layout and electrical connections of each component are also decided, this layout commonly taking the form of artwork for the production of a printed circuit board or Integrated circuit. Electronic Circuit Schematics Note that all these links are external and we cannot provide support on the circuits or offer any guarantees to their accuracy. Antennas are much more than simple devices connected to every radio. INTERNAL ACCESS. Also help me to make electronic circuits using Micro-controllers & Microprocessors. Employee Site ", "A.T.E. Prototyping is a big part of doing things that are very difficult. Formal circuit design usually involves a number of stages. ics and develops the fundamental circuit equations that are used throughout the book. ics and develops the fundamental circuit equations that are used throughout the book. RF and Microwave Components. I want some hands on experience to build some interesting Electronic circuits. Our capabilities and emphases that combine power electronics with analog and mixed-signal integrated circuits design give us a unique capability among university research groups in the nation. The electrical circuit is something most things we need in our everyday lives. the simple block diagram of mobile phone tech you how to read android mobile motherboard diagram and you will able to understand mobile repair diagram. The book is broadly divided into four parts viz., Devices and Basic Circuits, Integrated Circuit Amplifiers, Digital Integrated Circuits, and … A choice as to a method of construction as well as all the parts and materials to be used must be made. Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of free electronics circuit simulators, "Does Your Design Meet Its Specs? The most mobile phone technicians already know where to find mobile circuit diagram book free download pdf from the google. 6 RF and Microwave Circuit Design Figure 4-2 Input impedance showing the resonance frequency at m1 The input impedance of the series RLC resonant circuit is given by, C Z in R j L j 1 where, = 2πf is the angular frequency in radian per second. [9]. Sedra Smith microelectronic circuits book is really an amazing book to learn electronic circuits. A simple DC motor controller circuit using NE555 is shown here. Some electronic components are available at a discount, and others carry a premium. This stage is typically extremely time-consuming because of the vast array of choices available. ECEN 5613 EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN ECEN 5613 is a 3 credit hour course and is the first course in CU's Professional Certificate in Embedded Systems. This paper. Nevertheless, some changes can be expected and it is good practice to keep options open for as long as possible because it's easier to remove spare elements from the circuit later on than it is to put them in. ECEN 5613 will be offered through the ECEE department during the Spring 2021 semester on Monday evenings from 6:00-8:30pm via Zoom with lab work being done in the CU Boulder Engineering Center. While surface mount technology has matured, it is constantly evolving as well with the introduction of new packages. The next stage involves synthesising on paper a schematic circuit diagram, an abstract electrical or electronic circuit that will meet the specifications. Download Full PDF Package. In integrated circuit design automation, the term "circuit design" often refers to the step of the design cycle which outputs the schematics of the integrated circuit. Hi Øyvind Nydal Dahl! Circuit designers must test many times to make sure their design works efficiently and most of all is safe for a consumer to buy and use. VLSI began in the 1970s when complex semiconductor and communication technologies were being developed. It can be defined in terms of its results; "at one extreme is a circuit with more functionality than necessary, and at the other is a circuit having an incorrect functionality".[4][who?] Electronic Circuit Schematics Note that all these links are external and we cannot provide support on the circuits or offer any guarantees to their accuracy. In the EU this last item will normally take the form of a CE Declaration listing the European directives complied with and naming an individual responsible for compliance. In any complicated design it is very likely that problems will be found at this stage and may involve a large amount of the design work be redone in order to fix them. [2] The initial specification is basically a technically detailed description of what the customer wants the finished circuit to achieve and can include a variety of electrical requirements, such as what signals the circuit will receive, what signals it must output, what power supplies are available and how much power it is permitted to consume. VLSI Design 2 Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) is the process of creating an integrated circuit (IC) by combining thousands of transistors into a single chip. These additional specifications will often be used in the verification of a design. Book a Tee Time Car Tag Renewals Child Support Circuit Court Records DBA - Assumed Names Death Certificate Deed Documents Election Precinct Employment Application GWD District Ct Inquiry Inmate Search Inmate Care Packages Inmate Send Money . This text is an excellent reference work for anyone involved with electronic devices and other circuitry applications, such as electrical and technical engineers. Sometimes, a design specification is written after liaising with the customer. These workers are getting paid to not just make electrical circuits but to keep everyone who is buying these electrical circuits safe at home. >> Website Resources.. >> Library: TechXchange.. .. >> TechXchange: Antenna Design 101. The 11th edition of Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory By Robert Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky offers students complete, comprehensive coverage of the subject, focusing on all the essentials they will need to succeed on the job. The process of circuit design begins with the specification, which states the functionality that the finished design must provide, but does not indicate how it is to be achieved . >> Website Resources.. >> Library: TechXchange.. .. >> TechXchange: Antenna Design 101. Download this article in .PDF format. The book is based on the RF and Microwave Circuit Design textbook written by the author and published in August 2015. This is followed by the testing or type-testing a number of prototypes to ensure compliance with customer requirements. You have entered an incorrect email address! In addition to controlling the motors speed its direction of rotation can be also changed using this circuit. You can also get Current Affairs, GK, Aptitude, Verbal Ability, and Reasoning questions. electronic components from resistors to ICs. A PWM circuit based on timer NE555 is the heart of this circuit. Generally, the cost of designing circuits is directly tied to the final circuits' complexity. Correctly identifying the customer needs can avoid a condition known as 'design creep' which occurs in the absence of realistic initial expectations, and later by failing to communicate fully with the client during the design process. Simulations may be performed to verify the correctness of the design. Formal circuit design usually involves a number of stages. ECEN 5613 EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN ECEN 5613 is a 3 credit hour course and is the first course in CU's Professional Certificate in Embedded Systems. Circuit design forces you to keep going over things and fixing your mistakes. The design process involves moving from the specification at the start, to a plan that contains all the information needed to be physically constructed at the end, this normally happens by passing through a number of stages, although in very simple circuit it may be done in a single step. The 11th edition of Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory By Robert Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky offers students complete, comprehensive coverage of the subject, focusing on all the essentials they will need to succeed on the job. Everyone could probably imagine the mistakes that will be made if there is no prototyping going on in the work being done. Verification is the process of going through each stage of a design and ensuring that it will do what the specification requires it to do. Transmission Line Component Design 3. Download Op-amps and Linear Integrated Circuit Technology By Ramakant A. Gayakwad – Ops-amps and linear integrated circuits is recommended for students aspiring to learn the basic principles of integrated circuits and operational amplifiers.The book uses a practical approach in making the concepts clearer. The next stage involves synthesising on paper a schematic circuit diagram, an abstract electrical or electronic circuit that will meet the specifications. The process of circuit design can cover systems ranging from complex electronic systems all the way down to the individual transistors within an integrated circuit. This approach allows the possibly very complicated task to be broken into smaller tasks which may either by tackled in sequence or divided amongst members of a design team. Changes that conflict with or modify the customer's original specifications will almost always have to be approved by the customer before they can be acted upon. Testing is the real-world counterpart to verification, testing involves physically building at least a prototype of the design and then (in combination with the test procedures in the specification or added to it) checking the circuit really does do what it was designed to. This is frequently a highly mathematical process and can involve large-scale computer simulations of the design. 2. A PWM circuit based on timer NE555 is the heart of this circuit. I’ve modified the following parts: 1) Power Source at 5V. It may involve the making of any alterations to the circuit to achieve compliance. 25 Full PDFs related to this paper. Some circuits would be illegal to operate in most countries and others are dangerous to construct and should not be attempted by the inexperienced. Electronic Devices and Circuits (PDF 313p) This book is intended as a text for a first course in electronics for electrical engineering or physics students, has two primary objectives: to present a clear, consistent picture of the internal physical behavior of many electronic devices, and to teach the reader how to analyze and design electronic circuits using these devices. Usually there is a signing and approval of the final manufacturing drawings and there may be post-design services (obsolescence of components etc.). The greater the complexity (quantity of components and novelty of design), the more hours of a skilled engineer's time will be necessary to create a functional product. [6] The results of this research may be fed back into earlier stages of the design process, for example if it turns out one of the blocks cannot be designed within the parameters set for it, it may be necessary to alter other blocks instead. For Electronic circuit design, circuit simulation and PCB design. As the design process progresses the designer(s) will frequently return to the specification and alter it to take account of the progress of the design. Antennas are much more than simple devices connected to every radio. As a bare minimum the documentation will normally include at least the specification and testing procedures for the design and a statement of compliance with current regulations. The ADS design examples are divided into 8 chapters as follows: 1. Resonant Circuits and Filter Design 5. Solutions, Inc. | Design for Testability and for Built-In Self Test", "Basics of Different Electronic Circuit Design Process", A beginners tutorial on understanding, analysing and designing basic electronic circuits, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circuit_design&oldid=996116682, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles needing additional references from July 2009, All articles needing additional references, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 24 December 2020, at 16:53. Download this article in .PDF format. Network Parameters and the Smith Chart 4. Any commercial design will normally also include an element of documentation, the precise nature of this documentation will vary according to the size and complexity of the circuit as well as the country in which it is to be used. EasyEDA is an amazing free online circuit simulator which is very suitable for everyone who loves electronic circuit. A technical proposal may be written to meet the requirements of the customer specification. For Electronic circuit design, circuit simulation and PCB design. Many DC motor speed control circuits have been published here but this is the first one using NE555 timer IC. Each block is then considered in more detail, still at an abstract stage, but with a lot more focus on the details of the electrical functions to be provided. To avoid this a certain amount of 'catalog engineering' can be applied to solve the more mundane tasks within an overall design. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. A breadboard or other prototype version of the design for testing against specification may be built. [10] A blueprint is the drawing of the technical design and final product. Please let me know how to design & implement these type of circuits and how to choose electronic components for this type of circuit. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory By Robert Boylestad – 11th Edition, CHAPTER 9: BJT and JFET Frequency Response, CHAPTER 14: Feedback and Oscillator Circuits, CHAPTER 15: Power Supplies (Voltage Regulators), Other Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory Book, [PDF] Electrical Power Systems by SL Uppal and S Rao PDF Download, Question Bank in Electrical Engineering By JB Gupta – About 15000 objective type Questions and Answers, Principles of Electronics By VK Mehta and Rohit Mehta, A Textbook of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines in SI Units By RK Rajput, Electrical Machines By Abhijit Chakrabarti and Sudipta Debnath, [PDF] Electric Machines By DP Kothari and IJ Nagrath pdf download, [PDF] Electric Machines By Ashfaq Husain and Haroon Ashfaq PDF Download, [PDF] Electric Machines by PS Bimbhra pdf download, [PDF] Principles of Electrical Machines Book By VK Mehta and Rohit Mehta pdf Download. Once a circuit has been designed, it must be both verified and tested. Best for ITI and Diploma Students. CoPEC maintains a tradition of innovative design-oriented and application-focused research and education in power electronics and integrated circuit design. Book Name – Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory By Robert Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Author – Robert Boylestad and Louis NashelskyPublisher – Pearson Education IndiaEdition – 11thLanguage – EnglishPaperback – 952 Pages, 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Semiconductor Materials: Ge, Si, and GaAs 1.3 Covalent Bonding and Intrinsic Materials1.4 Energy Levels1.5 n -Type and p -Type Materials1.6 Semiconductor Diode1.7 Ideal Versus Practical1.8 Resistance Levels1.9 Diode Equivalent Circuits1.10 Transition and Diffusion Capacitance1.11 Reverse Recovery Time1.12 Diode Specification Sheets1.13 Semiconductor Diode Notation1.14 Diode Testing1.15 Zener Diodes1.16 Light-Emitting Diodes1.17 Summary1.18 Computer Analysis, 2.1 Introduction2.2 Load-Line Analysis2.3 Series Diode Configurations2.4 Parallel and Series–Parallel Configurations2.5 AND/OR Gates2.6 Sinusoidal Inputs; Half-Wave Rectification2.7 Full-Wave Rectification2.8 Clippers2.9 Clampers2.10 Networks with a dc and ac Source2.11 Zener Diodes2.12 Voltage-Multiplier Circuits2.13 Practical Applications2.14 Summary2.15 Computer Analysis, 3.1 Introduction 129 3.2 Transistor Construction 130 3.3 Transistor Operation 130 3.4 Common-Base Configuration 131 3.5 Common-Emitter Configuration 136 3.6 Common-Collector Configuration 143 3.7 Limits of Operation 144 3.8 Transistor Specification Sheet 145 3.9 Transistor Testing 149 3.10 Transistor Casing and Terminal Identification 151 3.11 Transistor Development 152 3.12 Summary 154 3.13 Computer Analysis, 4.1 Introduction 160 4.2 Operating Point 161 4.3 Fixed-Bias Configuration 163 4.4 Emitter-Bias Configuration 169 4.5 Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration 175 4.6 Collector Feedback Configuration 181 4.7 Emitter-Follower Configuration 186 4.8 Common-Base Configuration 187 4.9 Miscellaneous Bias Configurations 189 4.10 Summary Table 192 4.11 Design Operations 194 4.12 Multiple BJT Networks 199 4.13 Current Mirrors 205 4.14 Current Source Circuits 208 4.15 pnp Transistors 210 4.16 Transistor Switching Networks 211 4.17 Troubleshooting Techniques 215 4.18 Bias Stabilization 217 4.19 Practical Applications 226 4.20 Summary 233 4.21 Computer Analysis 235, 5.1 Introduction 253 5.2 Amplification in the AC Domain 253 5.3 BJT Transistor Modeling 254 5.4 The r e Transistor Model 257 5.5 Common-Emitter Fixed-Bias Configuration 262 5.6 Voltage-Divider Bias 265 5.7 CE Emitter-Bias Configuration 267 5.8 Emitter-Follower Configuration 273 5.9 Common-Base Configuration 277 5.10 Collector Feedback Configuration 279 5.11 Collector DC Feedback Configuration 284 5.12 Effect of R L and R s 286 5.13 Determining the Current Gain 291 5.14 Summary Tables 292 5.15 Two-Port Systems Approach 292 5.16 Cascaded Systems 300 5.17 Darlington Connection 305 5.18 Feedback Pair 314 5.19 The Hybrid Equivalent Model 319 5.20 Approximate Hybrid Equivalent Circuit 324 5.21 Complete Hybrid Equivalent Model 330 5.22 Hybrid p Model 337 5.23 Variations of Transistor Parameters 338 5.24 Troubleshooting 340 5.25 Practical Applications 342 5.26 Summary 349 5.27 Computer Analysis 352, 6.1 Introduction 378 6.2 Construction and Characteristics of JFETs 379 6.3 Transfer Characteristics 386 6.4 Specification Sheets (JFETs) 390 6.5 Instrumentation 394 6.6 Important Relationships 395 6.7 Depletion-Type MOSFET 396 6.8 Enhancement-Type MOSFET 402 6.9 MOSFET Handling 409 6.10 VMOS and UMOS Power and MOSFETs 410 6.11 CMOS 411 6.12 MESFETs 412 6.13 Summary Table 414 6.14 Summary 414 6.15 Computer Analysis 416, 7.1 Introduction 422 7.2 Fixed-Bias Configuration 423 7.3 Self-Bias Configuration 427 7.4 Voltage-Divider Biasing 431 7.5 Common-Gate Configuration 436 7.6 Special Case VGSQ 0 V 439 7.7 Depletion-Type MOSFETs 439 7.8 Enhancement-Type MOSFETs 443 7.9 Summary Table 449 7.10 Combination Networks 449 7.11 Design 452 7.12 Troubleshooting 455 7.13 p-Channel FETs 455 7.14 Universal JFET Bias Curve 458 7.15 Practical Applications 461 7.16 Summary 470 7.17 Computer Analysis 471, 8.1 Introduction 481 8.2 JFET Small-Signal Model 482 8.3 Fixed-Bias Configuration 489 8.4 Self-Bias Configuration 492 8.5 Voltage-Divider Configuration 497 8.6 Common-Gate Configuration 498 8.7 Source-Follower (Common-Drain) Configuration 501 8.8 Depletion-Type MOSFETs 505 8.9 Enhancement-Type MOSFETs 506 8.10 E-MOSFET Drain-Feedback Configuration 507 8.11 E-MOSFET Voltage-Divider Configuration 510 8.12 Designing FET Amplifier Networks 511 8.13 Summary Table 513 8.14 Effect of RL and Rsig 516 8.15 Cascade Configuration 518 8.16 Troubleshooting 521 8.17 Practical Applications 522 8.18 Summary 530 8.19 Computer Analysis 531, 9.1 Introduction 545 9.2 Logarithms 545 9.3 Decibels 550 9.4 General Frequency Considerations 554 9.5 Normalization Process 557 9.6 Low-Frequency Analysis—Bode Plot 559 9.7 Low-Frequency Response—BJT Amplifier with RL 564 9.8 Impact of R s on the BJT Low-Frequency Response 568 9.9 Low-Frequency Response—FET Amplifier 571 9.10 Miller Effect Capacitance 574 9.11 High-Frequency Response—BJT Amplifier 576 9.12 High-Frequency Response—FET Amplifier 584 9.13 Multistage Frequency Effects 586 9.14 Square-Wave Testing 588 9.15 Summary 591 9.16 Computer Analysis 592, 10.1 Introduction 607 10.2 Differential Amplifier Circuit 610 10.3 BiFET, BiMOS, and CMOS Differential Amplifier Circuits 617 10.4 Op-Amp Basics 620 10.5 Practical Op-Amp Circuits 623 10.6 Op-Amp Specifications—DC Offset Parameters 628 10.7 Op-Amp Specifications—Frequency Parameters 631 10.8 Op-Amp Unit Specifications 634 10.9 Differential and Common-Mode Operation 639 10.10 Summary 643 10.11 Computer Analysis 644, 11.1 Constant-Gain Multiplier 653 11.2 Voltage Summing 657 11.3 Voltage Buffer 660 11.4 Controlled Sources 661 11.5 Instrumentation Circuits 663 11.6 Active Filters 667 11.7 Summary 670 11.8 Computer Analysis 671, 12.1 Introduction—Definitions and Amplifier Types 683 12.2 Series-Fed Class A Amplifier 685 12.3 Transformer-Coupled Class A Amplifier 688 12.4 Class B Amplifier Operation 695 12.5 Class B Amplifier Circuits 699 12.6 Amplifier Distortion 705 12.7 Power Transistor Heat Sinking 709 12.8 Class C and Class D Amplifiers 712 12.9 Summary 714 12.10 Computer Analysis 715, 13.1 Introduction 722 13.2 Comparator Unit Operation 722 13.3 Digital–Analog Converters 729 13.4 Timer IC Unit Operation 732 13.5 Voltage-Controlled Oscillator 736 13.6 Phase-Locked Loop 738 13.7 Interfacing Circuitry 742 13.8 Summary 745 13.9 Computer Analysis 745, 14.1 Feedback Concepts 751 14.2 Feedback Connection Types 752 14.3 Practical Feedback Circuits 758 14.4 Feedback Amplifier—Phase and Frequency Considerations 763 14.5 Oscillator Operation 766 14.6 Phase-Shift Oscillator 767 14.7 Wien Bridge Oscillator 770 14.8 Tuned Oscillator Circuit 771 14.9 Crystal Oscillator 774 14.10 Unijunction Oscillator 777 14.11 Summary 778 14.12 Computer Analysis 779, 15.1 Introduction 783 15.2 General Filter Considerations 784 15.3 Capacitor Filter 786 15.4 RC Filter 789 15.5 Discrete Transistor Voltage Regulation 791 15.6 IC Voltage Regulators 798 15.7 Practical Applications 803 15.8 Summary 805 15.9 Computer Analysis 806, 16.1 Introduction 811 16.2 Schottky Barrier (Hot-Carrier) Diodes 811 16.3 Varactor (Varicap) Diodes 815 16.4 Solar Cells 819 16.5 Photodiodes 824 16.6 Photoconductive Cells 826 16.7 IR Emitters 828 16.8 Liquid-Crystal Displays 829 16.9 Thermistors 831 16.10 Tunnel Diodes 833 16.11 Summary 837, 17.1 Introduction 841 17.2 Silicon-Controlled Rectifier 841 17.3 Basic Silicon-Controlled Rectifier Operation 842 17.4 SCR Characteristics and Ratings 843 17.5 SCR Applications 845 17.6 Silicon-Controlled Switch 849 17.7 Gate Turn-Off Switch 851 17.8 Light-Activated SCR 852 17.9 Shockley Diode 854 17.10 Diac 854 17.11 Triac 856 17.12 Unijunction Transistor 857 17.13 Phototransistors 865 17.14 Opto-Isolators 867 17.15 Programmable Unijunction Transistor 869 17.16 Summary 874, A.1 Graphical Determination of the h-Parameters 879 A.2 Exact Conversion Equations 883 A.3 Approximate Conversion Equations 883, B.1 Ripple Factor of Rectifier 885 B.2 Ripple Voltage of Capacitor Filter 886 B.3 Relation of Vdc and V m to Ripple r 887 B.4 Relation of V r(rms) and V m to Ripple r 888B.5 Relation Connecting Conduction Angle, Percentage Ripple, and Ipeak/Idc for Rectifier-Capacitor Filter Circuits 889, Get Electrical MCQ Questions and Answers and Notes for your exam preparation.